stop the violence (SPAIN) Essay example -- essays research papers

Basta. Enough. This word exemplifies the growing attitude toward the violence in the Spanish nation caused by the cultural differences between its Spanish and Basque inhabitants. The 2.1 million tribe of Euskadi, the Basque area of Spain, speak a different language than typical Spaniards, have a separate culture and society from that of Spain and have a history of their own. throughout the decades, these major cultural differences contained within the borders of Spain have continued to cause conflict between the Spanish people and the people of the Basque area. Many within la comunidad autnoma del pas vasco, the autonomous community of the Basque country, have long been seeking to free it from the confines of Spanish borders and have proceeded to do so in a terrorist fashion, although deep at that place have been attempts by the Basques nationalists to work towards more peaceful relations with the Spanish government. ETA is a Basque separatist organization in Spain that has taken up more violent practices in its efforts to gain independence for the Basque state. Standing for Euzkadi Ta Azkatasuna, meaning Basque Homeland and Liberty, this group grew out of the Partido Nacionalista Vasco, also known as the Basque Nationalist ships company or PNV. Since the PNV was outlawed by dictator Francisco Franco, ETA retained its headquarters secretly in Paris during his reign. For the past 31 years, it has been the origin of numerous terrorist attacks, bombings, protests, and murders. It is the key player in the violence that has plagued Spain and its Basque area. The Basque region of Spain jumped back into the world arena most recently beginning in late 1997. By this time, the regional government there had gained partial autonomy from Madrid. It had been permitted home rule by the Spanish Constitution and elected its own Parliament with taxing power and a 6,000 member regional police force. The elected Assembly and administration there controlled education, cultura l affairs, social services, and created jobs for its people. It was in December of this year that the 23 leaders of Herri Batasuna (HB), the political voice of ETA, were arrested and sentenced to seven-year remand terms for making a video extolling the terrorist acts of the ETA. This decision by three Spanish judges marked t... ...The New York Times. 19 December 1998, p. A6.7.Goodman, Al. Spain Making collision With Basque Rebels. The New York Times. 4 November 1998, p. A4.8.Goodman, Al. Voting in Basque Region Helps Moderates, and Peace. The New York Times. 26 October 1998, p A11.9.Now for votes Spain and the Basques. The Economist. 26 September 1998, p. 53.10.The Peace Dividend of a More coupled Europe. Business Week. 29 March 1999, p. 57.11.SEVILLE. Time International. 9 February 1998, p. 10.12.Spanish Basque Rebel Chief Seized in Paris With 5 Aides. The New York Times. 10 March 1999, p. A8.13.Valls-Russell, Janice. ruling in Spain a tribute to diversity.The New Leader. 6 Oc tober 1997, p. 8-9.14.Whats new? Spain and the Basques. The Economist. 6 December 1997, p. 57. STOPPING THE VIOLENCETHE MOVE TOWARD PEACE IN SPAINS BASQUE REGION

The Affect of Acupuncture on the Nervous System :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Affect of Acupuncture on the Nervous System Acupuncture is an ancient practice which arouse in China at least two thousand years ago and has been used since then by healers to cure people of their ailments. The art is tensioned on the Qi (pronounced chee), which is the efficacy flow through the body. It is believed acupuncture helps to stimulate different areas of energy flow which can help cure pain and sickness(1). Although acupuncture has been around for a long time the hardiness of the techniques and results has been questioned by many medical specialists. Only fairly recently (mid 20th Century) did this practice come to the United States and it has yet to be accepted as a certifiable medical practice. Even though this is the case, acupuncture has been used to help treat asthma, myopia, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, stroke and obesity, just to name a few (5). Although the healing affects of acupuncture arent fully understood, they confin e been tied to different physiological changes in the body. As mentioned earlier, the natural energy in the body, Qi, is the focus of the treatment. Qi is connected to the ideas of Yin and Yang, which are two forces that offer balance to life. Yin and Yang have to be together because a disturbance in the relationship leads to disease (1). The epitome of Yin and Yang demonstrates how they have to be connected, represented by the white and black halves, each with a small circle of the other color. In this belief if the balance of energy in the body is thrown off, then the body becomes weak and sick. In Chinese medicine, when you restore the Qi in the body then health get out return. The practice of acupuncture involves sticking very fine needles at different predetermined spots on the body 365 points in a human body. These points have been uncovered over thousands of years but can not been seen through dissection or microscopy (6). It is believed that the insertion of needles at the se points causes the Qi to move to the point. It is said that when a soul is experiencing pain, that there is a blockage in the Qi in the body and that the acupuncture returns the flow to normal (1). Many of the acupuncture points are located single millimeters from peripheral nerves in the skin, others are very close to arteries.

Freckle Juice :: essays research papers

Freckle Juice is a classic childrens book written by Judy Blume. Although written in 1971, the story can contact to every new generation of middle school aged children. The book revolves around Andrew Marcus, a freckleless boy with a burning desire to have freckles. His sterling(prenominal) object of envy is Nicky Lane, whom he sits behind in class. Nicky is covered with freckles. Unfortunately, Andrew also shares his classroom with Sharon, a conniving little girl. Once Sharon learns of Andrews desire to have freckles, she sells him a bogus recipe for "Freckle Juice," which Sharon guarantees will produce freckles. The recipe is a nauseating concoction of kitchen items, including vinegar, onions, and mustard. When Andrew drinks the "Freckle Juice" he not only becomes violently sick, but fails to get any freckles. Not wanting to return to school still freckleless, Andrew covers his face with blue dots with a magic marker. His classmates find his blue freckles amusing . and so his teacher, Miss Kelley, gives him a "secret formula" to remove the "freckles," and stresses to Andrew that he is very handsome with without freckles. Andrew also learns that Nicky is actually envious of him because he doesnt have freckles.I enjoyed reading this book. I smell that someone in any age group could read the story, enjoy it, and understand the value of self concept and self esteem that it emphasizes. nearly every human finds a flaw in them whether it is obesity, mannerisms, language, or not having freckles This story encourages people to see themselves as others do, and to appreciate the qualities they possess. I strongly feel that Freckle Juice would be an important component to teach in the middle grade classroom. Children at this age level can feel passing self conscious of their appearance, as they are evolving from adolescence to puberty.

Cloning Endangered Species only Delays Extinction Essay -- Argumentati

Cloning Endangered Species only Delays Extinction Last week, scientists revealed they lease successfully cloned an jeopardise Asian gaur -- a stocky ox-like animal with a humped back. Such a technological breakthrough provides confidence that we will soon have the endangered species problem under control. Or does it? Though the universitys burgeoning squirrel population seems to indicate otherwise, species experimental extinction is a grave problem in most parts of the world. Species atomic number 18 imperiled by myriad causes, but the four main perpetrators are home ground destruction and alteration, exotic or encroaching(a) species, overhunting and pollution. The gravest threat is the loss of physical habitat The clearing or large-scale alteration of the land threatens species by removing food sources, nesting opportunities or refuges from predators. The next most pervasive issue, which frequently acts in conjunction with the first, is invasive species Organisms new to a h abitat adversely affect native organisms by preying upon them, competing with them for food or changing the dynamics of the entire ecosystem. The two most nonrational dangers -- pollution and overhunting -- are relatively smalltime crooks in this grand larceny of life. The same scientists who cloned the gaur -- a group at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Mass. -- already have plans to clone giant pandas and an extinct Spanish mountain goat. But will successful cloning bring pandas back from the edge of extinction? Unfortunately not. Pandas are severely threatened by alteration and fragmentation of their natural habitat. This fragmentation prohibits emigration from bamboo patches when the vegetation suffers die-backs, which occur every fe... ...roblem. Social problems entreat social solutions, nothing less. Systems scientists came to this realization nearly three decades ago, with the model World3. In 1972, Donella Meadows and coworkers created a computer-based model of the world, and discovered that the human population was bound to dramatically encroach upon its resource base no matter how much we invested in technological solutions. Crucially, also limiting human population growth failed to avoid this crash. Per capita consumption tends to genus Helix out of control and can deplete resources on its own. Without tackling all causes of the crisis, we are powerless to avert disaster. The same logic applies to biodiversity preservation. Cloning, like captive breeding, is a band-aid solution. If we hope to preserve the biological legacy we inherited, we must fundamentally change how we live our lives.

moralant Divine Law vs. Human Law in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Antigone Divine Law vs. Human Law  The play entitled Antigone was written by a man named Sophocles, a scholarly author of school of thought and logic. The play Antigone is probably one of the most prominent interpretations of a tragic drama. The two main characters of the play be Antigone and Creon. There is much conflict amid Antigone and Creon throughout the play, both of them having their own mentations and opinions regarding divine law versus humankind law. The theme that I am going to analyze is the conflict of divine law vs. human law. The reason for this is because this theme seems to control the whole play. It is an issue of which law is the right law, and if Creons and Antigones acts were justifiable.   The play Antigone can be summarized by the following King Creon lets it be know that Polyneices the traitor is not to be buried, but his sister Antigone defies the order because of the values she holds. She is caught, and sentenced by Creon to be buried alive - even though she is to be unite to his son Haemon. After the blind prophet Tiresias proves that the gods are on Antigones side, Creon changes his mind - but too late. He goes first to bury Polyneices, but Antigone has already hanged herself. When Creon arrives at the tomb, Haemon attacks him and then kills himself. When the news of their death is reported, Creons wife Eurydice takes her own life. Creon ends up being all alone due to the fact that his family members took their own lives. Creon blames himself for all of these tragedies occurring, mainly because it was his malign doings that caused them.   The concept of divine law can be described as the law of God. Divine law involves morals and beliefs that are presented by God. Charles Segal describes the idea of divine law as being the unwritten laws of the Gods (Sophocles 64). This type of law is most likely in effect when the idea of morals are apparent, such(prenominal) as when a moral decision must be made. This type of d ecision would probably be considered right or wrong. Divine law is not only in decisions, but also in the everyday actions of people. Things that are morally right are in accordance with the law of God, while things that are morally wrong tend to be actions that go against the law of God.

moralant Divine Law vs. Human Law in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Antigone Divine Law vs. Human Law  The play empower Antigone was written by a man named Sophocles, a scholarly author of philosophy and logic. The play Antigone is probably one of the most prominent interpretations of a tragical drama. The two main characters of the play atomic number 18 Antigone and Creon. There is much conflict between Antigone and Creon throughout the play, both of them having their own ideas and opinions regarding divine jurisprudence versus human law. The group that I am going to analyze is the conflict of divine law vs. human law. The reason for this is because this theme seems to control the whole play. It is an issue of which law is the flop law, and if Creons and Antigones acts were justifiable.   The play Antigone can be summarized by the following King Creon lets it be known that Polyneices the traitor is not to be buried, but his sister Antigone defies the order because of the determine she holds. She is caught, and sentenced by Creon to b e buried alive - even though she is to be married to his son Haemon. After the blind prophet Tiresias proves that the gods are on Antigones side, Creon changes his headland - but too late. He goes first to bury Polyneices, but Antigone has already hanged herself. When Creon arrives at the tomb, Haemon attacks him and then kills himself. When the news of their death is reported, Creons wife Eurydice takes her own life. Creon ends up world all alone due to the fact that his family members took their own lives. Creon blames himself for all of these tragedies occurring, mainly because it was his wrong doings that caused them.   The concept of divine law can be expound as the law of God. Divine law involves morals and beliefs that are presented by God. Charles Segal describes the idea of divine law as being the unwritten laws of the Gods (Sophocles 64). This emblem of law is most likely in effect when the idea of morals are apparent, such as when a moral decision must be made. Th is type of decision would probably be considered right or wrong. Divine law is not only in decisions, but also in the everyday actions of people. Things that are morally right are in accordance with the law of God, while things that are morally wrong tend to be actions that go against the law of God.

Sustainability and Green Development

Furthermore, in m both instances scarceness is an issue to a great extent related with the poorness. Despite the fact, that the landed estates crust really contains adequate minerals that in fact technically can be extracted, nevertheless it can non be do in raw monetary value and be low-cost for the hapless.Monetary value of natural stuffs have been turning in the experience 10 old ages making in some instances ( e.g. in summer 2008 ) unprecedented degrees. Though the more recent development of monetary values has changed, exposing a drastic autumn in the last two old ages, monetary values atomic number 18 expected to lift once more in the close hereafter. Manifold grounds are merchantman this belief. Between them, the force per unit area on demand caused by the emerging economic systems and the diffusion of youthful engineerings are of import factors.The increasing object in the natural materials monetary values and the volatility showed during the old ages 2005-2009 that a uthoritiess and companies bespeak to worry about the entree to visions of the stuffs. The competition for the entree to resources has intensified since provider states same China had started to devour natural stuffs and besides began to retain some parts of the product, besides that China restricted exports.The economic development of emerging states and the population outgrowth contri scarcelyed to increase the demand of natural stuffs in quantitative footings at the same enclothe the assortment of stuffs extracted and used has increased( Mancini, 2013 ) . It includes the alleged technology metals , which have indispensable belongingss for the production of hi-tech devices and technology systems applied e.g. in the production of clean energy engineerings.No affair how one does the computations, the deductions of current forms of stuff purpose for the environment ( including climate ) , the economic system and our endurance are profound and unsustainable. We must alter the historical relationship of stuffs, energy, growing and the environment. Used heedlessly, stuffs hold set of keys, which open either micro chip menaces to our heath, our economic system and our environment.Life Cycle Assessment or LCA can be defined as a systematic stock count and analysis of the environmental consequence that is caused by a merchandise or procedure get downing from the extraction of natural stuffs, production, usage, etc. up to the botch intervention( Walter Klopffer, 2014 ) .Each of these stairss include thorough analyses, which 1s covers the usage of stuff, beginnings of the energy used in the production, maker and terminal of livelihood phase, besides that analyses of the environmental violation. These analyses help to find the failings of the merchandises, services or procedure.LCA is a utile tool in ( based on ( Walter Klopffer, 2014 ) ) The diversity of the mood, energy policy, and the economic system all create headers, but the narratives that follow oftentimes miss the point that all these issues are, in portion, symptoms of how we use stuffs. It is discharge progressively clear that how we use stuffs is a big factor in energy usage, clime alteration and the economic system, and an of import issue in its ain right.One of the most of import political docket of the EU 1 has become the security system of supply of the natural stuffs. The European Union has started to take an action in order to guarantee the entree to resources and avoid deficits of supply, which would reflect on loss of fight. Furthermore, a safe supply of minerals is indispensable to accomplish the ends of the European environmental policy with regard to a low C economic system, extenuation of clime alteration and energy efficient society.Sing the population and ingestion growing in the past 10 old ages, the demand for the resources had besides increased significantly. As a effect of demand for the resources the monetary values for resources are besides incre asing. Furthermore, the scientists are really cognizant that non-re peeledable resources allow non last everlastingly. Peoples have a batch of manipulation sing this fact whether it will be 20, 200 or 1000 old ages before, for illustration, the worlds crude oil resources are really scarce, but everyone agrees that this will go on someday.The depletion of natural stuffs is one of the major sustainability jobs. In fact the hazards involved with the depletion of natural stuffs likely are higher than the issue of mercurial heating. If we will take a expression at history for illustration, at scarceness of significant stuffs, world normally has gone contending for them. Wherefore it is about ineluctable that the history will reiterate itself.Furthermore, the depletion of the resources will impact the future coevalss and even the life that s manger are excessively hapless and developing to take their simply portion of these stuffs. However, the inquiry of the scarceness of natural st uffs is ineluctable. Scarcity may be impermanent if it appertains on available engineering and cost. Short term scarceness is considered by the regular economic system and in fact isone of the chief rules of the jurisprudence of supply and demand. It is unless long term scarceness that is insufficiently considered and progressively fiscal guess systems ruin sustainable and sound monetary value formation.( Scarcity of resources, 2014 )Sustainability is of import to the wellbeing of our planet, continued growing of a society, and human development. Building twist and operations have important direct and indirect impacts on the environment. The edifices use resources much(prenominal) as natural stuffs, H2O, energy besides that they besides generate thriftlessness ( building, resident and destruction ) , and emit purportedly harmful environmental emanations. Holders, get into of speechers, and workmans of the edifices face a singular challenges to run into demands for new and refu rbished buildings that are productive, healthy, convenient and secure while cut downing their impact on the environment. This requires for new get outments in constructions, utilizing operations ( that are environmentally dependable ) and efficiency of stuffs during a buildings life clip from design stage boulder clay deconstruction including building, operation, care, and redevelopment.At present, it is widely accepted that economic development must be sustainable, every bit far as minimization of environmental impacts and safe-guarding of non-renewable resources is concerned. In peculiar, the chance of re-using solid waste stuffs as a replacing for those extracted from preies in edifice building is going more and more widespread.One of the most of import factors specifying a sustainable edifice is the stuffs. around illustrations of the sustainable edifice stuffs include assorted types of timber, fine-grain forests, marble mantles, sheep sheepskin andbamboo.Harmonizing tothe E nvironmental Protection AgencySustainability is based on a simple rule Everything that we take on for our endurance and well-being depends, either straight or indirectly, on our natural environment. Sustainability creates and maintains the conditions under which worlds and nature can be in productive harmoniousness that permits carry throughing the societal, economic and other demands of present and future generations.Oftentimes, green edifices and sustainable patterns are used variably. sustainable patterns are processes that maintain human demands and better the life quality in the procedure of doing effectual and environmentally responsible usage of economic, natural and human resources. Terry J. Williamson, in his Understanding Sustainable Architecture describes that green edifice is a building utilizing any assorted methods that promote resource preservation ( stuffs, energy, and H2O ) and reduces environmental impact while maintaining operational costs low ( Terry J. Williams on, 2002 ) . Sustainable architecture besides looks at the life stave of a edifice in footings of energy usage and environmental impact.In 1970 the universe voiced their concern about the increasing population growing and the exponential addition in the activity of the industry.During the 70s the concern was heightened even more when the Middle East cut down the supplies of fossil fuels and monetary values for the energy had risen. Scientist, designers and other people began to seek for ways of continuing the environment and devouring less energy in the edifices.Peoples became tired of the uncontrolled pollution and stuffs which amendss the environment. A whole new accentuation was placed on utilizing the free natural resources of the Earth, every bit good as recycling the resources which were already exploited. New analyses initiated to fracture the advantages of taxing effects of pollution, and more significantly, that there was still clip to make something about it. Militants began making Torahs curtailing pollution end product and even prohibiting some chemicals and industrial merchandises.The universe quickly learned that an ounce of bar is worth a lb of remedy. Even thought, decently disposing of unsafe stuffs and filtrating fume from the mills was a dear(p) attempt, it was doubtless cheaper than cleaning up the environment subsequently.One of the easiest topographic points to experiment with sustainability was within the life infinite. Using natural edifice stuffs, which 1s are closer to the nature, such as wood and rock are much more natural than steel and concrete. Therefore, utilizing recycled elements in the building saves landfills from infinite sum of refuse every year.Sustainability was non merely about salvaging money, but besides enabled edifices to go portion of the environment, instead than lodge out from it. Sustainability besides became known as green architecture.Green development, eco-housing, sustainable design environmentally s ound lodging has every bit many names as it has definitions, but the Rocky Mountain Institute, in its Primer on Sustainable Building , describes this new sort of architecture as taking less from the Earth and giving more to people. ( Dianna Lopez Barnett, 1995 ) In pattern, green lodging varies widely. For illustration, it can hesitate from being energy efficient and utilizing green merchandises for assorted parts of the building to being to the full constructed of recycled stuffs and wholly powered by the Sun ( or any other renewable energy beginnings ) .Green edifice patterns offer a possibility to construct resource efficient and environmentally friendly edifices by utilizing a blended try to the design. Sustainable edifices promote resource protection, including efficiency of the energy, renewable energy beginnings and H2O saving characteristics reflect on the environmental impacts during the life clip and waste minimisation at the terminal of life phase make an integral and convenient environment cut down care and operation costs and turn to issues such as cultural heritage, entree to public transit and other community systems. The whole life rhythm ( from the natural stuffs acquisition till terminal of life ) of the edifice and its constituents is examined, every bit good as the environmental and economic impact and public presentation.An increasing public consciousness of the impact that building has on human wellbeing, clime alteration, use of the energy and environmental debasement have led in recent old ages to an increasing thing in environmentally sustainable building. One of the most important factors bring oning edifice sustainability is the sustainability of the stuffs used in the building.However, as the surveies show, there is small connexion mingled with the appraisal and measuring of stuffs sustainability attributes, ensuing in the market today that is littered with 100s of inconsistent, equaling and frequently misguided enfranch isements, criterions and eco-labels.This contention has led both to confusion among commercialized buyers and consumers of sustainable edifice stuffs, and to the deduction of incompatible standards for sustainability in larger edifice enfranchisement plans.Global heating is the ascertained and jutting additions in the mean temperature of Earth s aura and oceans.The Earth s mean temperature raises about 0.6 Celsius in the twentieth century, see the temperature graph below.The alteration of the clime is brought approximately by our actions that incorporate the forgo of singular sums of glasshouse gases. Scientifically talking nursery gases traps the heat and besides allows some heat to get away back into the outer infinite. Basically, the more nursery gases are in the ambiance, the more heat gets trapped.The booming growing and increasing sustainable developments involves a broad runing cognition of steering rules and issues over and above an objective tinge of scientific and eco nomic rationality. Everyone needs to concentrate and take part in assorted educational plans, conferences in order to leave consciousness and apprehension of the meandering(a) heating consequence. We need to take an enterprising attack to the environment, development of new power beginnings, edifice efficiency and technology a sustainable attack to the advancement.At present the Earth is sing the warming consequence which is called planetary heating. It is advantageous for the chief metropoliss 2 of the universe to back the Kyoto protocols 3 to guarantee the descend emanations of the nursery gases. These metropoliss have an tremendous chance to alter the environment. Peoples must acknowledge the cardinal and terrible undertaking of organizing the metropoliss because they are the chief drivers of our societal systems.First of wholly, we need to understand what sustainability is. Awareness and reactivity will assist us to happen the ways on how to decrease the dangers of the pla netary heating. New engineerings and understanding the importance of the planetary heating can assist us to construct a sustainable life style which will last for coevalss. Peoples must make a better and healthier universe where every state can populate in a harmoniousness with the nature.The metropoliss where we live are a proximate and existent cadence of what we create and our households are the smallest unit of the society. This thought is the connexion with the political relations and authorities, built milieus and environment, societal and economic thoughts. Looking at a work of our municipality allows us to measure our ability to assist transform ourselves in better sustainable states.To calculate out what is doing the planetary heating, scientists have analysed all the natural rhythms and events that are beaten(prenominal) to act upon the alteration of the clime. However, the sum and form of warming that is been measured can non be explained by these factors entirely.There is merely one manner to clear up the form and it is to affect the consequence of nursery gases ( GHGs ) released by people actions.A group of the scientists called theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC formed by the joined Nations 4 gathers all information about the causes of the planetary heating. The group meets every few old ages to study the up to day of the month scientific finds and collect a protocol sum uping all what is being found about planetary heating. Each study represents an understanding between 100s of taking scientists.The scientists have figure out thatthere are several nursery gases responsible for warming, and worlds emit them in a assortment of ways.Most come from the burning of fossil fuels in autos, mills and electricalal energy production. The gas responsible for the most warming is C dioxide, besides called CO2. Other subscribers include methane released from landfills and agribusiness ( specially from the digestive systems of croping animate beings ) , azotic oxide from fertilisers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial procedures, and the loss of woods that would otherwise shopCarbon monoxide2.( Global Warming Causes, 2014 )Diverse types of nursery gases have really contrasting heat pin downing capablenesss. Some of the nursery gases can pin down more heat than CO2molecule. For illustration, one molecule of methane has 20 times bigger impact on the environment than a molecule of CO2. Another type of gases azotic oxide is 300 times stronger than CO2molecule.Other gases, such as CFCs ( which have been banned in much of the universe because they besides bring down the ozone bed ) , have heat-trapping possible 1000s of times greater than CO2( Global Warming Causes, 2014 ) . However, because the concentrations of the other gases are less than that of CO2, neither of these gases addendums as much heat to the ambiance as CO2does.To understand and calculate out the effects of all the gases by and large, scientis ts looking afterall nursery gases in footings of the tantamount sum of CO2. From 1990 more than a 20 per centum of annual emanations have risenup by about 6 billion metric dozenss of C dioxide equivalent worldwide( Global Warming Causes, 2014 ).First off all, there need to be betterment in the energy efficiency. Very approximately one tierce of energy is used in the edifice sector ( domestic and commercial ) , one tierce in the conveyance sector and one tierce in the industry sector. Considerable nest orchis can be done in all three sectors, many with noticeable nest eggs in the cost. However to accomplish these nest eggs in pattern will necessitate appropriate incentive and inducements from cardinal and local authorities and a great trade of finding from all of us.For illustration the sector of the edifices all new developments need to include energy beginnings that are carbon-free. Existing edifices need to be upgrade for much higher energy efficiency. Large efficiency nest egg s are besides possible in the conveyance sector. For autos, for case, a patterned advance of engineerings between now and 2050 is anticipated to get down with petrol/electric loanblends so move on to fuel cells and H fuel. Within the industrial sector a serious thrust for energy nest eggs is already happening. A figure of the worlds largest companies have already achieved nest eggs in energy that have translated into money nest eggs.Second, there are possibilities for segregation of C resistance, for case, in exhausted oil and gas Fieldss or in suited stone formations. For illustration because of the big figure of coal fired workss being built particularly in China and India, rapid development, presentation and execution of C gaining control and storage ( CCS ) 5 in all new workss is a really high precedence.Third, a broad assortment of non-fossil-fuel beginnings of energy is available for development and development, for case, biomass ( including waste ) , solar power, hydro, ai r current, wave, tidal, geothermic energy and atomic. The enduringness of solar power, both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power ( known as CSP in which solar energy is used to drive heat engines ) , is particularly big, peculiarly in developing states and near desert countries with high degrees of sunlight. The chances within industry for invention, development and investing in all these countries are considerable.

A Lesson Before Dying Essay

A Lesson Before Dying takes roll in a small lanthanum Cajun community in the late 1940s. In the novel, Jefferson, a young black man, is an unwitting party to a liquor store shoot out in which three men are killed being the only survivor, he is convicted of a murder and sentenced to death. To portray this novel Gaines displays respectable literary devices like setting, tone, and characterization thereof helping I as the reader feel the emotions of Jefferson from his point of view.In the initial setting of the novel, Jefferson sits in a court located in boorish Louisiana, which is filled with fussiness, tension, isolation, and quietness from the people in the room. This setting of the book supports Jeffersons personality in chapter nine when Jeffersons character is introduced. Jeffersons cell could be considered the second setting or Jeffersons setting in the book. Jeffersons relationship to the courtroom (initial setting) supports Jeffersons personality in the prison.He is isol ated scarcely like in the courtroom. There was an empty cell between Jefferson and the rest of the prisoners (Gaines 71). Jeffersons cell was not only isolated like a courtroom in rural Louisiana, only quiet. Jeffersons been quiet . . . He didnt answer (Gaines 71). Due to Jeffersons isolation and quietness, he has built anger inside. An anger which had been building up since the courtroom conviction. Nothing dont matter, he said looking up at the ceiling.The first setting of the novel is alike to Jeffersons cell setting. The three settings The courtrooms, location and clip era of the town, and prison all energize similarities to Jeffersons character traits. The court trial scene embodies everything that is contained in spite of appearance the novel. All events that occur throughout the entire novel are a repercussion of Jeffersons court case. These circumstances set up the tone that is scarce perceived throughout the novel. Gaines tone in the novel shifts as the novel progres ses.Gaines made the novel begin with a pessimism view everything seemed awful and negative especially the court trial. Gaines shows us this disgust tone by telling us the details of the panel members. The twelve white jury members of the case shows us that Jefferson mat up dominated by the whites. As the novel goes on Gaines tone shifts and Jefferson seems more aware and confident, the anger and disgust diminishes the time-consuming Jefferson sits in jail.The twelve white jury members were also Gaines way of showing the dominance, and power of the whites during this ime, only thinking that blacks are only proper for working, and is incapable of thinking for themselves Do you see a modicum of knowledge? A trait inherited from his ancestors in the deepest jungle of blackest Africa What you see here is a thing that acts on command. (Gaines7). Understanding this time era is important for the tone, and Gaines gives good examples representing the era to the tone. Gainess style is uniq ue because the figurative language that he uses improves the readers mental picture.For example, when Gaines was describing wash up off Emma at the beginning of the novel he says she became as immobile as a great stone or as one of our oak cypress stumps(Gaines 36). This allowed me as the reader to picture Miss Emma and the condition that she is in with a mental image throughout the entire novel. He also used figurative language while he describes in chapter fourteen the Louisiana Countryside. Gaines told in great detail the cemetery appearance as take into account walked through and then explain the smells and feelings he has while Grant explores the Sugar Cane Planation with Vivian.The literary devices were greatly put to use by Gaines to explain, and portray his novel to any reader. He has made a novel pleasurable for an audience that may not like reading due to his sarcasm (tone), and figurative language to set up numerous scenes. The settings are a main(prenominal) buildin g block for this novel because the court room and the jail cell is when the story line is put together. Each trial, and everyday described by Gaines about(predicate) Jefferson in jail puts the novel together into one amazing novel that I allow be sure to recommend.A Lesson Before Dying turn outThe economic downturn of the past several years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local law enforcement agencies. According to a report by the national Institute of Justice, the United States is currently experiencing the 10th economic decline since World War II (Wiseman 2011). The impact of this downturn will result in a change of how law enforcement services are delivered.As has been discussed by the COPS Office manager, Bernard Melekian, in a series of recent articles published in the Community Policing Dispatch, expectations will not be lowered just because an agency now has fewer officers, or because the cipher is limited. Simply doing less while wait ing for local reckons to reclaim to pre-2008 levels is not a viable option. Law enforcement leaders are faced with budget contractions that are in need to identified in different slipway to deliver police services and, perhaps more importantly, articulate what the unsanded public safety models will look like to their communities (Melekian 2011a).The effects of the economic downturn on law enforcement agencies may be felt for the next 510 years, or worse, permanently. These changes could be permanently driven not just by the economy, but by local political science officials who tallyd that allocating 3050 percent of their general fund budgets for public safety costs is no longer a fiscal possibility (Melekian 2011b). While it appears that the economy is beginning to recover on the national level, most economists agree that local jurisdictions are still in decline and will continue to be so, at least in the short term.Due to the decline of tax revenues because of Foreclosures Cou nty and municipal budgets tend lagging screw the general economy, which is one of the main source of funding for local agencies. Agencies are also faced with the budget realities, the current model for service deliverywhich has been with us for the last 50 yearsis already starting to change, and will be forced to continue to change dramatically and rapidly in the next 35 years. Police departments have been one of the affected by the current economic climate.Restricting revenues nationwide have forced local governments to make cuts in spending across the board, which has affected everything to include public safety direct budgets. However, while these budget cuts are threatening law enforcement jobs the responsibility to serve and nourish remain. There has been no methodical way of measuring the effect the economic downturn has had on police agencies across our nation. A good example is how Nigeria has been experiencing difficulties in Budget implementation.The objective of the art icle was to present alternative forms of budgeting and after exposition on them, to recommend one that could mitigate budget implementation problem for Nigeria. cardinal types of budgeting apostrophizeed are incremental and zero-base. Under incremental budgeting, a certain percentage is added or subtracted from previous periods figures to arrive at new periods budget. Under zero bases, every program is reevaluated for its merits, as if previous budgets never existed. The starting points are the results hoped to achieve, and every debate about budget implementation is done prior to passage.Zero base budgeting is analogous to marketing concept in terms of information requirement and zeroing in on customized needs. To the outcome that zero base budgeting plans, executes and controls, it serves as a management tool. Nigerias budgeting has been incremental, overly politicized and not carried out by experts, but merely based on benchmark price and quota of daily oil production. Factor s militating against proper budgeting in Nigeria are distortions in fiscal transparency. Budget implementation in Nigeria is a critical problem.Many have blamed our poor socio-economic and infrastructural development on low degree of budget implementation, which is a result of incremental budgeting process. The paper therefore recommends zero based budgeting to Nigeria at all levels (GJSS, 2012). Sometimes inefficiencies result due to poor integration of the finance and strategy. Budgeting and performance are typically overseen by the finance department, whereas be after s merged by strategy department. Often, the two processes arent well integrated,resulting in strategies that are often dictated by the budget process instead of vice versa (Gary 2003). The background for this could be that everyone involved may be attempting to accomplish the same goals, but also trying to make sure that the outcome will be dependable to them, such as a substantial bonus or a reward. A budget c ycle refers to the whole process from the commencement of developing a budget to the execution of the final charge on the budget. Since the majority of the budgets are prepared for a one year period, budget cycles cover the costs and expenditures for a period of one year.However, there are budget cycles that run for more than one year period. Government budgets have a budget cycle of at least 18 months from the conception of the various departments budgets to the time the appropriation bills are signed into law (Hyde, 2001). The initial steps of the budget cycle take place in the various departments and agencies. The program officers in the various departments compile all information that is necessary in the preparation of the budget. The budget cycle culminates with the presidents budget application to the Congress.This often takes place in February (USDOJ, 2011). A budget refers to a list of premeditated revenues and expenses. It represents a tool for savings and expenditure. A b udget can also be defined as an organizational plan that is stated in monetary terms. It is used as a road typify for conducting the activities, objectives, assumptions, and strategies of an organization. A budget cycle is comprised of various stages. Budget planning for the new fiscal year marks the first step of the budget cycle, while mop up and carry forward activities mark the end of a budget cycle (Hyde, 2001).The steps outlined below are steps of a sample governments budget cycle Budget submissions this entails the submission of the budget plans to the respective Budget Offers in various government departments. The budgets are reviewed and approved. Budget approval this entails the executive director committee approving the budget. The Initial Budget Authorizations are then submitted to the respective supervisors who address the respective cost items. Global Changes the salaries are adjusted so that they beam salary increases that are permitted by the Salary Subcommittee and the Human Resources Department.Closing this entails the closure of the budgets at the end of the fiscal year. Carry forwards it entails carrying forward all the left(p) money to the following fiscal year. This marks the last step in the budget cycle. In most instances, law enforcement management prepares master budget for the approaching year. The master budget includes the projected expenses and maintenance which is incorporated in the master budget and other smaller budgets such as training, overtime, marketing, administrative, and departmental budgets.By establishing an operating and financial budget for a future period, management can identify problems in advance. This can be maintained by forecasting for future predictions. A forecast is a reflection of the future. When forecasting is taken into account, two key aspects to consider are cash budgets and expenditure forecast. In most instances, budgets are and should be prepared for a future period such as an oncoming acco unting or financial year. They are detailed by quarters or months. Typically, annual budgets are not altered once the year begins.However, budgets should not be rigid so as to prevent timely actions if need arises. Instead, budgets should only act as a guide rather than a restriction. However, there are rare circumstances when an annual budget should be revised such as due to a radical change in the business environment. Budgets are also important for obtaining funding since they portray an organizations cogency to the lending institutions and financiers. Additionally, budgets are important management tools, they aid in setting milestones that need accountability to achieve, and aid an organization in identifying risks and establishing benchmarks.Thus, budgets facilitate the process of fashioning adjustments to avoid risks, and to measure the benchmarks. Understanding the significance of budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. It plays a significant r ole in the strategic planning process by an organization. It outlines the future financial goals and needs of an organization such as technological needs, overhead needs, financial requirements, and capital improvements. I have a very strong opinion that budgeting should not be scrapped, rather be modified to meet the current business environment.Organizations would have to restructure compensation programs so that managers no longer have an incentive to favors short-term goals over the longer-term. Budgeting will have to be flexible to be able to be adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in organizational goals and the economic environment. Again, accounting department should be responsible for compiling only budget information they should not determine the budgeting process. Management, through the planning process should determine the budget, and all departments should be included in the process. Budgeting should be both top down and bottom up i.e. speed level management and middle level management will both work to finalize a budget. We can streamline the budgeting process by developing a financial model. Financial models can facilitate what if analysis so we can assess decisions before they are made. This can dramatically improve the budgeting process. unity of the biggest challenges within financial planning and budgeting is how do we make it value-added. Budgeting requires clear channels of communication, support from upper-level management, participation from various personnel, and predictive characteristics.Budgeting should not strive for accuracy, but should strive to support the decision making process. If we focus too much on accuracy, we will end-up with a budgeting process that incurs time and costs in intemperance of the benefits derived. The challenge is to make financial planning a value-added activity that helps the organization achieve its strategic goals and objectives. In order for department to compensate for dwindling budget, many an(prenominal) law enforcement officer have had to learn how to focus on what can they can sacrifice from their normal lifestyle in order to offset the decrease in available spending.Some of these sacrifices have included families foregoing summer vacations, or shopping in discount stores instead of department stores they are modify too. However, today law enforcement agencies are faced with the difficult task of maintaining the same service that their communities expect despite the extreme reduction in available resources. And, in order for them to deliver the same high level of protection and emergency responsiveness that the communities depend on, law enforcement agencies must find new and inventive techniques to address those needs in cost-effective and maintainable way.Agencies must have a good understanding of how budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. Budgeting has a significant role in the strategic planning process by any organization. It provides the framework for future financial goals and the needs of an organization such as technical equipment like laptops, radios, and side arms. It also shows the overhead needs, and departmental financial requirements. It can also outline the costs involved in order to get the resources that are required to meet their financial goals. Developing abudget is an important tool for determining the departments performance, in motivating the upper-management, other members of staff, and measuring the results towards accomplishing the organizations financial goal. References Gary, L (2003) Breaking the Budget Impasse. Pg 3, Retrieved September 30, 2013, Idio, U. S. (2012). THE BUDGET AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL ZERO coarse BUDGETING, PANACEA TO BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1036581432? accountid=32521 http//www. cops. usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e101113406_Economic%20Impact. pdf Mele kian, B. , (2011a). Directors Message. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 3. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/03-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Melekian, B. , (2011b). Directors Column July 2011. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 7. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/07-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Wiseman, J. , (2011). Strategic Cutback Management Law Enforcement Leadership for Lean Times. Research for Practice, Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of Justice, issue Institute of Justice, NCJ 232077.

Evolution of Women in the Military

The evolution of Wo custody in the Military Abstract Wo hands atomic number 18 without doubt an integral part of the war machine assists. It took the determi republic of women throughout business relationship to pave the way for the 400,000, women that serve today. From the early years of the multitude machine to the present conflict in Afghanistan, women cede made continuous progress towards equating. It is through their contributions that the military has evolved, consistently opening more jobs to women in engagement. Time has proven that war does non discriminate a successful military uses the strengths of all members despite their gender.The Evolution of Women in the Military Women in Military History Although not officially en magnetic inclinationed into the service, women realize been a part of the military dating back to the American revolutionary war distante. Throughout history, they strike challenged the norms of society and pursued their dedication to the N ation, fighting for our freedom. Women in the military have fought through challenges and obstacles in whatever(prenominal) fighting for equality and establishing their roles in combat. It is ready that the military services would not be what they are today without their contributions and sacrifices.The Early Years From the American Revolutionary War through the Civil War women contributed to the war in both conventional and unconventional ways. In serving as what we would call today Combat Service Support, they took care of the wounded, brought water to troops, provided backwash services, and served as cooks. M whatever women directly supported the cause by disguising themselves as men in order to fight in the war. Two much(prenominal) documented cases were Deborah Sampson during the American Revolutionary War and Elizabeth Newcom during the Mexican War.Sampson served in the Continental Forces for over a year, she only causeed half of the pension the men received during that time. Newcom enlisted in the Missouri volunteer Infantry and marched for over 600 miles. Once discovered, the military discharged her with no benefits. There were also some(prenominal) women who fought alongside their husbands with no pay or benefits. If their husbands received wounds during the conflict, they did not hesitate for a second to step in and hap the fight. One of the most well-known women of the Civil War was Dr. Mary Walker.She was ineffectual to find a paying job in the military simply because she was a fair sex, She volunteered on the front lines, saving thousands of lives. Although the military did not call these women Soldiers, at that time, I would argue that their actions and contributions whether directly in the fight or support were that of Soldiers. From the Spanish American War in 1898 to 1908 women continued to progress. With the number of casualties from the war overwhelming the medical system, the military services were in dire essential of help. The y had no choice but to allow women into the services, but continued to restrict them as twitch workers only.By the wars end, the forces hired over 1,500 nurse contractors that served at hospitals throughout the world. The causeance of the contract nurses was not without notice this prompted Dr McGee to write legislation creating a permanent corps of nurses. This was a major turning point for women in the military, which resulted in the beginning(a) woman appointed as the Acting Assistant sawbones General, Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee. It was evident that the army could not meet the demands of the war without the use of women resulting in the establishment of the Army Nurses Corp in 1901 and the navy blue Nurse Corp in 1908 (Highlights in History, n. . ). The period of realism War I and humanity War II brought significant advancements for women in the military although it would prove that women were expendable. After the passing of the discriminating Service Act and the draft ini tiated, there were over 4. 8 million men served fighting in the war. This had a significant impact on the women of the nation not only were they needed to fill the millions of jobs left on the home front, but the military needed the women to free the men of noncombatant duties. The Navy and Marines were the first to enlist women ignoring red tape from congress.The Navy enlisted over 12,000 Yeomen and 1,500 nurses and the Marines enlisted over 300 women in the reserves as telephone operators and clerks. The Army unofficially enlisted over 21,000 nurses as contract workers and volunteers. The Army Signal Corp trained over 300 bilingual telephone operators and stenographers. At the end of the war, the military did not recognize women for their service or consider them Veterans. For example, the telephone operators left the military with little appreciation, receiving no ceremonies and no formal discharge or benefits. These women erformed duties no less important than the men did and th e mission would have failed without them, yet the military was able to dismiss them with no concern for their contributions. In 1979, the Army reviewed the womens service and determined that they performed duties as any other Soldier had. They gave them full recognition unfortunately, for many it was too late, they passed away never receiving the title of Veteran. As women volunteered for service for a resistant military, compared to the many men that the government drafted it was clear the military did not appreciate their commitment, sacrifices and value the worth of women.This was evident by the Army Reorganization Act in 1920, which granted military nurses relative rank of an officer, not receiving the same pay, benefits, and privileges as that of male officers of the same rank (Chronicles of, 2007). As World War II began, the military could not abridge the contribution of women during World War I and knew they could not fight another war without them. During World War II, ove r 400,000 women served in the military in both the United States and Overseas. We know World War II for the number of women that served emphasizing both the need for women in the military and their commitment to duty.However, women would bear many challenges during this time. Women in the military continued to go against the norms of society that considered womens place to be at home taking care of the home and family. The volume of men in the military did not accept them as equals although they held many positions previously only held by men. The problems with date rape and slander continued. According to Gruhzit-Hoyt (1995), a quote heard very much among men in the Navy, they had joined the navy to ride the WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Service).These challenges continue to exist even in todays military. Highly trained women were underutilized and ranked far below their duties and responsibilities. It was common for higher ranking individuals to assign some women as babysi tters and personal servants. The Corps of Engineers and Medical Services used their assigned women as rinse commandos (Weatherford, 1990). One example is of a private named Mary McMillin. She held the womens world altitude record in parachuting, having jumped from 24,800 feet and known for her work as a daredevil in the flying circus.Her duties in the Army were to pack parachutes for young men who had never jumped before in their lives (Weatherford, 1990). The rank of women during this time was far below that of men. One such case was Oveta Culp Hobby she was responsible for over 60,000 women, formed an organization from scratch, and took on complex missions. Her rank was Colonel, which compared to the rank of a man who would command no more than 500 Soldiers (Weatherford, 1990). These are only a few examples but women felt the inequality throughout the military for many years.Women not only had the issues of being a effeminate in the military, but they dealt with the same issues that the men did being at war. They had substandard living conditions, which were sometimes worse than the mens, lack of supplies and fear of the Enemy. In 1942, the Nipponese held sixty-seven women for over two years as Prisoners of War (POW). They also captured five Navy nurses holding them for five months and a second group, holding them for 37 months. The Japanese treated the women worse than the men POW, raping and harassing them on a consistent basis.These events further supported the view of the majority of society who believed the military service was no place for a woman. This did not stop women from fighting to be in the services. By the end of the war, the military made significant strides in establishing women into the military. All services had developed either a corps or reserve for women the Army established the WAC, the Air Force established the Women Air force Service Pilots (WASP), the Navy established the Women Excepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), an d the Marines and Coast Guard established the Womens Reserves.It is hard to imagine how the war would have ended without the 400,000 women that served. Nether less, it was clear that history would repeat itself and once again, the military dismissed the majority of women even if more qualified than their male counterparts. Time for Change The years following World War II through Post Korean War would bring much change and initial uncertainty for women in the services, yet would prove to be a time of positive and lasting change. In 1945, the WAC closed for enlistment, closing all training centers.The number of women in the WAC decreased from over 150,000, to barely 3,000. Although some women were happy to return home to their lives before the war, found that they had the need and passion to do more. The Army realized the need to maintain women in the regular Army, therefore, a year later the Army Chief of Staff Gen Dwight D. Eisenhower began the process of making the WAC a permanent part of the Army. After three years with Lt. Col. Mary Louise Milligan prima(p) the way, President Truman signed the Womens Armed Services Integration Act. This was a historic time for women throughout all services.The first enlisted women entered the Regular Army was in July 1948, and the first WAC officers received Regular Army appointments in December 1948 (Women in the, n. d. ). This opened the door for the military to recognize women for their service and made it potential for women to make the military a career. It was through the Korean War and the years following that women would begin to understand what being part of the Regular Army would mean. The Army recalled many Officers for duty and involuntarily extended those enlisted that had planned to leave the military.More than 500 women served in the combat zone. The Koreans killed Seventeen women during the war, which was considerably less than World War II fortunately, the military gave these women the same courtesies and benefits as the men. Following the Korean War, more positions opened to women, and training available for women increased tremendously. A authentic testament to women fully incorporate into the services is the addition of reenlistment bonuses and pay increases and for the first time implementation of uniforms for women.Women could finally say that they were officially part of the United States military organization although the battle for true equality was far from won. The militarys expectations of women were in contradiction to the growing feminist hunting expedition in the United States during the Vietnam War but would eventually have to adhere to the expectations of the nation (Highlights in History, n. d. ). The military expected women to look like women. They were to dress appropriately in skirts and high heels, where make up, and use appropriate refined manners.These guidelines even applied to the women in Vietnam. The military spent money to retrain women to perform what they considered a womens work, such as typing and cooking, even if trained and estimable in other technical skills. These actions further restricted promotions for women making them uncompetitive and ineligible for promotion to Admiral or General. Eventually the military could no lengthy go against the demands of female service members for equality congress voted to allow womens promotion to higher pay grades to include Admiral and General in 1967. Women in the, n. d. ). This movement would propel many firsts for women throughout the Vietnam War to include first woman enlisted in the Air National Guard, promoted to Brigadier General, aircraft maintenance officer, promoted to Major General, first oceanic vessel sails with female and male crew, and the Armys first woman helicopter pilot. Although this was a step in the right direction, there was still a long road to equality. The Armed Services Committee of the US House of Representatives made the following statement making that c lear. here cannot be complete equality between men and women in the matter of military careers. The stern demands of combat, sea duty, and other types of assignments directly related to combat are not placed upon women in our society. It is recognized that a male officer in arriving at the point where he may be considered for general and flag rank passes through a crucible to which the woman officer is not subjectedsuch as combat, long tours at sea, and other dangers and isolation (Women in the, n. d. ). From the post Vietnam Era to the present, women continued to earn their way to the highest ranks in the military.They took on the toughest jobs and assignments and proved that they were as capable as men to complete the most complex missions. During this time, women enter into the service academies and graduate, a woman commands a major military installation, the first African-American woman promoted to Brigadier General. During Operation Just Cause in Panama, two woman Command co mpanies and the list continues. Women would continue to show their relevance through Operation Iraqi Freedom and presently in Operation persistent Freedom.Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) would prove to be both a time for women to excel and time of great challenges for women in the military. There have been more women killed in OIF than in any war since World War II with over 200,000 deployed. Unfortunately, the war itself has not been the only challenge. The biggest challenge has come from within our own ranks. According to several studies of the US military funded by the Department of Veteran Affairs, 30% of military women are raped while serving, 71% are sexually assaulted, and 90% are sexually harassed (Benedict, 2009).While deployed leadership issues women whistles, ordered them to stay with battle buddies. Is this what a Soldier deserves while fighting for her country? With the increase of sexual misconduct, the military has taken a more pro active approach to training and has given victims more options for reporting. Although not officially authorized to serve in direct combat, they are. They conduct patrol, female searches at checkpoints and serve as pilots just to name a few. This has led to the debate of womens roles in combat. Womans Roles in Combat Womens roles in combat have been a subject of debate.Both in the military and within society, people believe that women do not belong in direct combat or on the front lines. Those that do support women in combat argue that some, not all women are just as capable as men to perform combat duties and should be afforded the same opportunities as men in the military. There are compelling arguments on both sides, but the truth is that women pull up stakes continue to fight for equal treatment in all facets of the military. Although the thought of women fighting on the front lines of combat is at times difficult to imagine, it is reality.There are concerns with physiologic c apability, mental ability, and effects on the unit. The opposition says that women are caretakers, nurturers, life givers and everything that combat entails goes against those roles. Combat as defined by General Robert Barrow, former commandant of the US Marine Corps, exposure to danger is not combat. Being shot at, even being killed, is not combat. Combat is findingclosing withand killing or capturing the enemy. It is killing, and its done in an environment that is often as difficult as you can possibly imagineBrutality.Death. Dying. Its uncivilized And women cant do it (Muir, 1992, p. 3). This statement is very broad and stereotypes all women. However, not all women are the same and many women deficiency the same opportunity to fight and die if need be for their country. Another common argument is that women do not have the physical strength and stamina to conduct combat missions. Most would agree that the majority of women, as with many men, are not physically capable to perform combat duties. Therefore, the military should develop a physical test to determine MOS eligibility.This would change the most qualified personnel to perform in combat, regardless of sex. Is a woman mentally capable of killing, can they pull the trigger? Women may go through a different decision-making process than a man, although with training, and mission analysis, they will do what they have to do. Combat has an effect on all service members. Women will have post combat issues, but no different than men. Effects on the units can be minimal if the military develops a slow and regard plan to integrate women into the units.Change is difficult, but we are a Military that must adapt to a constantly changing environment. As with the repeal of Dont ask, Dont tell it is the leaders responsibility to educate, train, and enforce changes that in the end state will only make us a stronger military. The Military Leadership Diversity Committee is currently in support of women fulfilling comb at roles. It is clear that women have been serving in combat roles unofficially for years. Units have cleverly attached women to combat units instead of assigning them or simply tasking them to perform missions in direct combat.The mission will place many women not attached or tasked in direct combat with the enemy meeting the exact definition of General Robert Barrow. Therefore, the reality is that women are on the front lines, and it is time that the military opens all jobs to women. Considering the major contributions of women, and the impact they had on the military, it is imperative that the military gives women the same opportunities to serve their country as their male counterparts. Contributions of Women throughout History more legendary women throughout military history are not well known.Early in history they did not serve in legitimate roles therefore, nobody wrote more or less or recognized them until many years later. Yet it is important to understand without their co ntributions things may be different today. Catherine Moore Barry was primarily responsible for General Morgan defeating Gen Cornwallis at battle of Cowpens during the Revolutionary War, which ultimately resulted in the Colonies winning their independence from Britain. Rose ONeal Greenhow who became one of the best-known spies during the Civil War sent a message to Gen Beauregard resulting in him taking Bull Run.Col Ruby Bradley who is the most decorated Army Nurse served for 34 years, participating in the WWII and the Korean War. More recently, Maj Marie Therese Rossi, she was the first female combat Commander to fly into battle. She paid the ultimate sacrifice when her helicopter crashed in March 1991. Finally, Sgt Leigh Ann Hester who is the first female to receive the Silver Star Medal since World War II. These are only a few examples of womans contributions throughout the years, but if they had been there where would we be today. ConclusionFrom the days of the Revolutionary War when women mask themselves as men to fight in the war to today when women are surrounding(prenominal) than ever to equal treatment as the men they serve alongside of, they have endured through numerous challenges and obstacles. Women battled against sexual harassment and assault, rape, slander and unequal pay and benefits. During the early wars, many underestimated the value of women. Commanders in charge did not want women in their ranks. As time and war, progressed Commanders had a newfound respect for females in their units and would ask for them over the men.Although the military had become dependent on women to fill the noncombat positions, they at present discharged them at the wars end until 1948 when they enlisted in the Regular Army. From this point on women had fought the uphill battle to today in 2012 when congress opened another 14,000 jobs for women closer to the front lines. Through their contributions, sacrifices and determination womens relevance in the military i s clear they have challenged the norms of society and assisted in the success of the military we know today as the best in the world. References Benedict, H. (2009). The lonely soldier.Boston, MA Beacon Press Books. Chronicle of nursing. (2007). Retrieved from http//www. asrn. org/jouranl-chronicle-nursing/207-military-nursing. html Gruhzit-Hoyt, O. (1995). They also served. New York, NY Carol Publishing Group. Highlights in the history of military women. (n. d. ). Retrieved from www. womensmemorial. org/Education/timeline. html Muir, K. (1992). Arms and the women. London, England Sinclair-Stevenson Limited. Weatherford, D. (1990). American women and world war II. New York, NY Facts on File. Women in the U. S. Army. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. army. mil/women/newera. html

Film Appreciation †Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter (2012) Essay

1. Presumed and inferred event.SynopsisAbraham Lincoln who is the 16th President of the United States of America, happens to stumble upon the plans of the vampire clan who wanted to overthrow and fulfil over the country in order for the clan to grow. The story evolves around Abraham who wishes to stop the plan to be taken to action. 2. Explicity and presented event.This movie starts with the main character, Abraham Lincoln, writing his journal ab discover his life and journey. It then slowly moves into the flashbacks of his life, entirely the way back to when he was a kid in the year of 1818. Having the movie started in such(prenominal) a way helps the audiences to have an in depth sensation on the story, and it also stimulates the minds of the audiences in believing the story. The rest of the story can be institute in the later part, in the section of the storyline.3. Added non diegetic materials.This movie uses a total of 22 soundtracks that were composed by henry Jackman, and the first song in the closing or the closing credit played was by Linkin Park, entitlight-emitting diode Powerless, as according to Wikipedia (2012). However, based on the IMDB (2012), in that respect were another 6 songs that were not include into the list of soundtrack, of which were also custodytioned that the songs listed in their database are sometimes, not to be found on the CD soundtracks. The Student Waltz was one of the songs that were in the movie, whereby Abraham Lincoln was bounce with bloody shame Todd. In that particular scene, both Abraham and bloody shame were sharing their thoughts together, and finding themselves more alike than they ever knew, and the song played at the background helps to puddle a romantic atmosphere around the both of them.The other song that caught the attending is also the first closing credit song, Powerless by Linkin Park. In that scene, it shows a white brownish backdrop with drops of blood, forming lines in which at the end is seen t o be drawing out the map of the United States of America, where the lines are the separation of the states that were in USA. The song Powerless, as the title says it all, gives us the feeling of existence powerless in seeing how a nation being broken into different separate of states instead of being united as one.Characters Abraham Lincoln The main character, who stood up against the vampires and also the President of the United States. Henry Sturgess Abrahams mentor, who taught him how to be strong to dispute the vampires. William Johnson Abrahams friend from the past whom he tried to protect when he was a kid, trying to protect Will who was being abused due to slavery.Mary Todd Lincoln Abrahams wife. rapture The villain, vampire leader.Jack Barts One of the vampires, the killer of Abrahams mother. Joshua Speed Abrahams employer, who hired Abraham to work in his store, and gave him a potato chip to assuage, who eventually became Abrahams assistant in the White House.T homas Lincoln Abrahams father.Nancy Lincoln Abrahams mother.Vadoma exaltations sister.William Wallace Lincoln Son of Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln.Storyline.The story begins with Abraham, writing his diary while remembering the things that has happened in the past. It started to flash back into the year of 1818, where he was life history with his parents, Thomas and Nancy Lincoln, who were workers in a woodlet owned by a guy named Jack Barts. Abraham who was at the plantation with his parents, witnessed his friend, William Johnson and her mother, who were dragged out and was tortured by one of Jack Barts men. unavailing to control himself, Abraham took an axe and went on to try and attack the man who was beating up William, only ending up to be captured, overthrown and beaten by that man. Upon seeing this, Thomas stood up and tried to protect his son, stopped that man from his continuous beating on his son and William, and ended up pushing him into the river. Jack Barts came out of his office and found out what happened, and had Thomas and his family fired. That night, as Abraham was still awake at the attic, looking down at his mother who was sleeping soundly, he effected a figure climax into the room, and he hid himself.He later saw that the figure was no other than Jack Barts himself, and he saw Jack bit Nancy and left. The next morning, Nancy was very ill, and died moments later, with Abraham alongside her on her bed. Thomas made Abraham promise that he will not seek Jack for revenge, for as long as he is alive, knowing that the repulsive Abraham will make a silly move such as that. Nine years later, Thomas died and Abraham knew that he is no longer bound by the promise he made to his father, attempts to seek revenge on Jack for killing his mother. As he was drinking in a bar, trying to get some courage into himself before he proceeds to kill Jack, he met with Henry Sturgess. Henry spoke to him, saying that a young man drinks only for two reasons , that is to kiss a girl, or to kill a man. As he shags Abraham on his shoulder, a gun ferocious off from Abrahams jacket, and Henry knew right away that the answer was the latter. Abraham then picks up his gun and left the bar, heading to Jacks plantation, with his sole usance of killing him.As he was hiding himself while waiting for his chance, he saw Adam and Vadoma for the first time, but he knew nothing close them, uncomplete was he concerned about who they were and why were they there with Jack Barts. Abraham made his moves and caught Jack by surprise, only to fail in his first attempt as his gun couldnt fire. He ran from Jack and hid himself in a hut while trying to reload his gun and trying to stop Jack from coming into the hut. The moment Jack pushed the door open, Abraham fired his gun and the bullet hit Jack on his right eye. Thinking that Jack is dead, Abraham threw his gun into the river and walked away from the scene. However, as he turns his head to look at Jacks dead body for the last time, he realised that Jack is missing and is nowhere to be found. each of a sudden, Jack appeared right in front of Abraham, catching him off guard, and tried to kill him. Abraham, who was still in shock and confused, could not react in time but to be thrown and beaten by Jack.Knowing that he shot Jack and killed him, but for some apparent reason, Jack is still alive and beating him up badly. Just as Jack is about to kill Abraham, Henry came to stop Jack and threw him out of the scene. Henry then took Abraham rest home and tended to Abrahams wounds in his house. As Abraham wakes up from his rest, he was told that Jack, whom he tried to kill, is actually a vampire. Thinking that vampires are just myths and legends, Abraham could not believe what he heard from Henry, but only to be convinced by Henry after finding out that Henry is a passer. He then begs Henry to teach him how to hunt and kill a vampire, since Jack is a vampire and he is seeking any possible ways to kill him for revenge. Knowing Abraham is total of vengeance spirit, Henry told Abraham that he will only teach him if he promises to forget his revenge, live a solitary life with no attachments, and also to hunt vampires only as instructed by Henry himself. Wanting to learn the ways to hunt and kill a vampire, Abraham lied to Henry, giving him an answer that he wishes to hear.Upon complemental his training with Henry, Abraham left and went to Springfield and met with Joshua Speed as he was looking for a place to stay. Because he had no money left, Joshua offered him a place to stay in return for his service as the store clerk. From then on, Abraham worked with Joshua, until the day she met with Mary Todd, and fell in love with her that very instant. At the same time, he received a letter from Henry, mentioning his first ever vampire hunt location and the name of the vampire. As night approaches, Abraham started his move, and killed his very first vampire, burying the body in the woods. Soon, more lists were sent by Henry to Abraham to kill the vampires that were in Springfield. One fine night, Abraham was visited by an old friend who was in town, and was told that he was being hunted for trying to free slaves. As Abraham grew in sharing his ideas on freeing the slaves, he gotten the attention from the senator and he began his journey as a politico from then on. Henry came to town to warn Abraham not to be involved in politics as well as relationships, but all Abraham cared was to seek revenge on Jack.Arguing his way out of vengeance, Henry finally gave in, and told Abraham that it is time for him to kill Jack Barts. Before leaving, Henry gave Abraham a silver think of with engravings of words, Time waits for no men. Abraham then sets out to Jack Barts plantation with the intention of killing him. However, moments before dying in the hand of Abraham, Jack revealed that Henry, Abrahams mentor, is also a vampire himself. Upon hearing that, Abraham wen t to confront Henry after he killed Jack Barts. Seeing Henry being a vampire sucking on humans blood, Abraham became furious and attacked Henry. Feeling confused and betrayed, Abraham knew of no other solutions but to try to kill the man who taught him all that he knew about hunting a vampire. Henry then tried to calm him down, and told him the story of how he became a vampire. He also told Abraham the curse of the vampire, and that only a living can kill the dead. After hearing his story, Abraham cuts off his ties with Henry, and begins his journey of life. That very night, he proposed to Mary Todd and they got married.Adam soon found out about the remainder of Jack Barts, and ordered Vadoma to send an invitation to Abraham to his trap Adam set for Abraham in his own plantation. In order to make Abraham obey and accept his invitation, Adam had his men kidnap William as well. Abraham then made his way to Adam, with the company of Joshua and he tried to tell Joshua what they are abo ut to face, but Joshua thought it was just except a joke, until he saw the event himself. Abraham then went in ahead to try and rescue William, only to be captured by Vadoma. He was then effrontery a choice to kill Henry, his mentor, or to be suffering from the same faith as Henry, and William being killed right before him. Just moments before Adam slits Williams throat, Joshua came in with the carriage, hitting Vadoma on the way, and managed to get both Abraham and William out.As they were escaping from Adams troops, they came in contact with the slaves that were in hiding from Adam, who took them to their hideout. After that, they fled to where they came from, and Abraham started his livery on freeing the slaves, after what he saw back then. Henry then re-appears before Abraham, telling him that having the slaves there is what keeping the vampires under control as the vampires uses the slaves as their food. Having this chains broken will only cause an outbreak and retaliation f rom the vampires. Neglecting the advices from Henry, Abraham proceeds with his speech of freedom to all slave. Soon after, he was pick out to be the President of the United States, and he and his wife moved into the White house, of which they have their son born into their lives, William Wallace Lincoln. Despite the warnings from his mentor, Abraham went on ahead in subscribe the Emancipation Proclamation that sets the civil war to take place.Unknowingly to him, the Confederate President has consulted Adam to seek his assistance in sending his undead army to be in the front line against the soldiers from the United States who knew nothing about the vampires, in return a nation to be given to the vampires to grow and expand on their own accord. Vadoma was also on the move into the White House, and gave William Lincoln a bite, and causes his death. Devastated, Abraham who were having dinner with his wife, suddenly realise the idea of the vampires weakness, silver. He then ordered al l the silver materials found in the household are to be confiscated and are to be used to make weapons against the undead army. Joshua then went to Vadoma, revealing Abrahams plan in moving the silver to the soldiers in the south fighting the army of the undead by train and gave Vadoma the schedule of the delivery. However, the train was just a decoy to capture the attention of Adam into believing that Abraham is sending the weapon of destruction to the to Adams vampire army.As Adam climb onboard of the train, he soon realised that there werent any silver on the train and it was filled with only stones. Knowing that he was tricked, Adam killed Joshua for betraying them, right before Abraham, William Johnson and Henry. As the railroad collapse, Adam tried to gain information from Abraham in regards of the location of the silver weaponries, only to be stabbed by Abraham, using his silver comply, and that puts an end to the vampire leader, Adam. Abrahams wife, Mary, led the slaves int o delivering the weapons to the soldiers fighting in the south. She soon realised that Vadoma, the killer of her son, was there in the barracks.Getting a rifle to herself, Mary found Vadoma. She then pulled her necklace off, and inserted it to the rifle, having the small teensy knife that William Wallace used to play with before he was killed as the pendant. She then fired towards Vadoma and it killed her instantly. The civil war finally came to an end. Henry offered to turn Abraham into a vampire, so that they could live forever and make changes to this world, but was turned down by Abraham who told him that very same line Henry had engraved in the silver watch he gave to Abraham, Time waits for no men.Reference ListIMDB. (2012). Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter. Retrieved February 5, 2013, from http//www.imdb.com/title/tt1611224/Wikipedia (2012). Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter. Retrieved February 5, 2013, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Vampire_Hunter

Sociology and Social Integration

Refresher on reproof 1Student hollo _____________________1. Peter Berger described utilise the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______. a. good worst tragedies b. new old c. specific general d. general dispelicular2. According to Emile Durkheim, a category of great deal with a higher suicide rate typically has a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower social integration. d. immenseer self-esteem.3. The pioneering sociologist who analyse patterns of suicide in Europe was a. Robert K. Merton. b. Auguste Comte. . Emile Durkheim. d. Karl Marx.4. C. Wright Mills claimed that the sociological imagi res publica transformed a. habitual sense into laws of order of magnitude. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. psycheal problems into public issues. d. scientific explore into common sense.5. _____ is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Theology b. Positivism c. Metaphysics d. Free willRefresher CultureName.1. The intangible world of musical themes created by members of a social club is referred to as a. high culture. b. material culture. c. norms. d. nonmaterial culture. 2. The term _____ refers to a shared way of intent, and the term ____ refers to a political entity. a. culture society b. country nation c. nation culture d. culture nation3. Sociologists define a symbol as a. anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. b. any material pagan trait. c. any gesture that conveys insult to others. d. social patterns that cause culture shock.4. __________ are rules about e actuallyday, casual living __________ are rules with great moral significance. a. Mores folkways b. Folkways mores c. Proscriptive norms prescriptive norms d. prescriptive norms proscriptive norms5. The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fi delity is an example of _____ culture. a. high low b. low high c. ideal real d. real idealRefresher on Lecture 3. Sociological Investigation tag Student Name1. Sociologists use the term empirical evidence to refer to a. information that is based on a societys traditions. b. information that squares with common sense. c. information we can verify with our senses. d. information that most people agree is unfeigned.2. Imagine that you were going to measure the age of a number of respondents taking part in a survey. As you record the data, you are using the concept age as a. a theory. b. a hypothesis. c. a variable. d. an axiom.3. In the process of measurement, reliableness refers to a. whether you are really measuring what you want to measure. b. how dependable the police detective is. c. whether or not e veryone agrees with the studys results. d. whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results.4. An apparent, although false, association amid two variables that is caused by some third variable is called a. a spurious correlation. . an unproven correlation. c. an unreliable correlation. d. an invalid correlation.5. The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher a. must not care mortalally about the topic being studied. b. must try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the sequel of the research. c. must study issues that boast no value to society as a whole. d. must carry out research that will encourage wanted social change.Refresher SocializationStudent Name1. What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which mankind beings develop their potential and learn culture? a. socialization b. personality c. human nature d. ehaviorism2. In the nature versus elicit debate, sociologists claim that a. nature is far more important than nurture. b. nurture is far more important than nature. c. nature and nurture have equal importance. d. neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.3. Our basic drives or needs a s humans are reflected in Freuds concept of a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. infer other.4. According to G. H. Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as a. role models. b. looking-glass models. c. ignificant others. d. the generalized other.5. When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a. group conformity. b. future directedness. c. anticipatory socialization. d. group rejection.Refresher Lecture on social interactions in everyday lifeStudent Name1. At a given time you occupy a number of statuses. These statuses make up your a. quash status. b. role set. c. achieved statuses. d. status set.2. What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? a. passive role b. master status c. ascribed status . achieved status3. Julie is a police officer who fin ds that, wherever she goes in her small town, people seem to imply of her as a cop. Julie is experiencing the effects of which of the following? a. role exit b. master status c. ascribed status d. status conflict4. Shawna is an excellent artist but, as a mother, finds she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing a. role conflict. b. role strain. c. role ambiguity. d. role exit.5. The Thomas theorem states that a. a role is as a role does. b. people boot out to their level of incompetence. c. situations defined as real are real in their consequences. . people know the world only through their language.Refresher Lecture on DevianceStudent Name1. Crime differs from departure in that crime a. is always more serious. b. is usually less serious. c. refers to a violation of norms enacted into law. d. involves a larger share of the population.2. Every society tries to regulate the behavior of individuals this general process is called ______. a. neighborhood watch b. self control c. social control d. the legal system3. The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because a. very few people experience an unsuccessful socialization. b. here has been very little research of this kind. c. there is no way to distinguish approach pattern from abnormal people. d. most people who commit crimes have normal personalities.4. Using the terms of Robert Mertons strain theory, which of the following terms would correctly describe a mobster like Al Capone who made a lot of money breaking the law? a. innovator b. ritualist c. retreatist d. rebel5. Edwin Sutherlands differential association theory links deviance to a. how others respond to the behavior in question. b. the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior. . how well a person can contain deviant impulses. d. how others respond to the race, ethnicity, gender, and class of the individual.Refresher Lecture on Groups and Social OrganizationsS tudent Name1. the McDonalds organization explains a. that fast food is really not served very efficiently. b. that the McDonalds idea never caught on abroad. c. why so many small businesses do not succeed. d. that the guiding principles of McDonalds have come to look out on our social life.2. Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as a. an instrumental group. . an expressive group. c. a primary group. d. a lower-ranking group.3. A secondary group is a social group that a. we experience late in life. b. is impersonal and engages in some specific activity. c. engages in many, very important activities. d. is generally much smaller than a primary group.4. What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks? a. democratic leadership b. authoritarian leadership c. expressive leadership d. instrumental leadership5. Which type of social group commands a members esteem and loyalty? a. an in-group b. an out-group c. a reference group d. social networkRefresher Lecture on Race and EthnicityStudent Name 1. Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage? a. race b. minority c. ethnicity d. stereotype2. Conflict theory states that prepossess is a. used by powerful people to justify oppressing others. b. built in to culture itself. c. common among immigrants. d. common among certain people with rigid personalities.3. In the United States, minorities typically have less a. income. b. occupational prestige. c. schooling. d. All of the above are correct.4. You would be expressing a stereotype if you a. ade any generalization about people. b. stated an exaggerated translation and applied it to everyone in some category. c. held an opinion about someone based on personal experience. d. treated everybody in an unkind way.5. Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by a. culture beliefs. b. high levels of immigration. c. frustration among disadvantaged peop le. d. people with rigid personalities.Refresher Lecture on Social StratificationStudent 1. Using the sociological perspective, we see that social social stratification a. gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others. . places everyone at birth on a level playing field. c. ensures that hard work will lead people to cause wealthy. d. means that what people get out of life is pretty much what they put into it.2. Read the four statements below. Which one of these statements about stratification is NOT true? a. Social stratification is a trait of society. b. Social stratification is universal and also variable. c. A familys social standing typically changes a great deal from generation to generation. d. Social stratification is a matter of inequality and also beliefs about why people should be unequal.3. What concept describes a person who moves from one occupation to another that provides about the same level of rewards? a. upward social mobility b. downward social mobility c. horizontal social mobility d. This is not social mobility at all.4. A caste system is defined as a. social stratification based on ascription or birth. b. social stratification based on personal achievement. c. a meritocracy. d. any social system in which categories of people are unequal.5. The concept meritocracy refers to social stratification a. with no social mobility. b. in which people know their place. c. based entirely on personal merit.

Chapter 2 Quiz + Answers Essay

1. When companies adopt the strategy-making and strategy execution military operation it requires they start bydeveloping a strategic vision, mission and values2. The strategic worry process is shaped byexternal factors such(prenominal) as the industrys economic and competitive conditions and internal factors such as the companys aggregation of resources and capabilities3. When a company is confronted with significant industry change that mandates radical revision of its strategic course, the company is said to have encountereda strategic inflection office4. A companys strategic plan consists ofa vision of where it is headed, a set of performance targets, and a strategy to achieve them5. Top managements views about where the company is headed and what its future product-customer-market-technology will beconstitutes the strategic vision for the company6. Well-conceived visions aredistinctivespecific to a particular cheekfree of generic, feel-good statementsnot innocuous one-sente nce statementsAll of these7. Effectively communicating the strategic vision down the line to lower-level managers and employees has the value ofnot only explaining where we are tone ending and why but, more importantly, also inspiring and energizing company personnel to unite to get the company moving in the intended direction8. A companys mission statement typically addresses which of the following questionsWho we are, what we do, and why we are here9. A companys values relate to such things asfair treatment, integrity, ethical behavior, innovativeness, teamwork, top-notch quality, superior customer service, social responsibility, and community citizenship10. The managerial purpose of setting objectives includesconverting the strategic vision into specific performance targets utilize the objectives as yardsticks for tracking the companys progress and performancechallenging the organization to perform at its full potential and deliver the best mathematical resultsestablishing dead lines for achieving performance results11. A company needs financial objectivesbecause without adequate profitability and financial strength, the companys ultimate survival is jeopardized12. Strategic objectivesrelate to beef up a companys overall market standing and competitive vitality13. A balanced scorecard for measuring company performanceentails salient(ip) a balance between financial objectives and strategic objectives14. A balanced scorecard that includes both strategic and financial performance targets is a conceptually tough approach for judging a companys overall performance becausefinancial performance measures are lagging indicators that reflect the results of past decisions and organizational activities whereas strategic performance measures are leading indicators of a companysfuture financial performance15. A company needs performance targets or objectivesfor its trading operations as a whole and also for each of its separate businesses, product lines, functional departments, and individual work units16. Business strategy concernsensuring consistency in strategic approach among the businesses of a diversified company17. In a single-business company, the strategy-making hierarchy consists ofbusiness strategy, functional strategies, and operating strategies18. Functional strategiesconcern the actions, approaches, and practices related to particular functions or processes within a business19. Operating strategies concernthe relatively narrow strategic initiatives and approaches for managing key operating units within a business and for performing strategically significant operating tasks20. Management is obligated to monitor new external developments, evaluate the companys progress, and make corrective adjustments in order to conclude whether to continue or change the companys strategic vision, objectives, strategy and/or strategy execution methods